Chloridium, dematiaceous hyphomycetes, are a minimally studied group of organisms found in soil and wood, characterized by a rare phialidic conidiogenesis occurring at multiple points. The genus's historical classification has relied upon three morphological sections. In the realm of microbiology, the significance of Chloridium, Gongromeriza, and Psilobotrys. Sexual morphs, despite their inclusion in the widely accepted genus Chaetosphaeria, demonstrate remarkably little or no morphological variation compared to their asexual forms. The genus, as elucidated by recent molecular investigations, has now been expanded to encompass species differentiated by a novel complement of morphological characteristics. These features include collar-like hyphae, setae, distinct phialides, and conidiophores with branching in a penicillate arrangement. The study's foundation lies in the harmonious combination of molecular species delimitation methodologies, phylogenetic analyses, ancestral state reconstruction, morphological hypotheses, and comprehensive global biogeographic analyses. A phylogenetic analysis across multiple loci indicated that the classic Chloridium taxonomy is polyphyletic, with the original sections not belonging to the same genus. Accordingly, we are eliminating the current classification system, intending to reinstate Gongromeriza and Psilobotrys to their respective generic levels. We develop a novel general concept, defining Chloridium as a monophyletic, polythetic genus composed of 37 species, organized into eight distinct sections. Correspondingly, regarding the taxa formerly referred to as Gongromeriza, two have been shifted to the newly constituted genus Gongromerizella. Examination of published metabarcoding datasets indicated that Chloridium, a prevalent soil fungus, makes up a noteworthy (0.3%) portion of sequence reads in environmental samples archived in the GlobalFungi database. Their presence in forest ecosystems is characteristic, and their geographic range is substantially determined by climate, as evidenced by our data showing their ability to flourish at different temperature ranges. Our findings highlight Chloridium's species-unique distribution, a rarely-seen characteristic in microscopic soil fungi. Our findings showcase the utility of the GlobalFungi database for detailed study of the biogeography and ecological processes impacting fungi. New taxonomic classifications are presented, including the introduction of the genus Gongromerizella, the new sections Cryptogonytrichum, Gonytrichopsis, Metachloridium, and Volubilia under Chloridium, and species Chloridium bellum, biforme, detriticola, gamsii, guttiferum, moratum, peruense, novae-zelandiae, elongatum, and volubile, detailed by Reblova and Hern.-Restr. Novel varieties of Chloridium bellum, displaying varied traits. Luteum Reblova & Hern.-Restr., and Chloridium detriticola variety, are significant elements in the broader study of biological classification. Within the Chloridium chloridioides species, Reblova & Hern.-Restr. described the effusum variety. Reblova & Hern.-Restr. convolutum; a convoluted taxonomic classification. Further research on Chloridium section Gonytrichum (Nees & T. Nees) Reblova, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolarik & F. Sklenar and the Chloridium section Mesobotrys (Sacc.) is necessary to explore new combinations. In their classification of Chloridium, Reblova, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolarik, and F. Sklenar, extend upon the earlier work of M.S. Calabon et al. by reviewing the section Pseudophialocephala. Their analysis further included the species Chloridium simile, as previously researched by W. Gams and Hol.-Jech. being studied. FNB fine-needle biopsy Within Reblova and Hern.-Restr.'s research, Chloridium chloridioides (W.) is a focus. Gams & Hol.-Jech. are mentioned in the text. NS 105 molecular weight Scientifically classified by W. Reblova & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium subglobosum (W.) demonstrates. Referring to Gams and Hol.-Jech.,. Reblova and Hern.-Restr. described Chloridium fuscum, a species formerly known as Corda's Chloridium fuscum. Further investigation into the findings of Reblova & Hern.-Restr. regarding Chloridium costaricense is warranted. Weber et al., in their work (Reblova & Hern.-Restr.), report on Chloridium cuneatum (N.G.). Reblova & Hern.-Restr.'s research centered on the characterization of Fusichloridium cylindrosporum, as described by W. Liu et al. Hol.-Jech., along with Gams. Reblova, Gongromeriza myriocarpa (Fr.), holds a prominent place in the botanical world. Reblova's description of Gongromeriza pygmaea (P.) highlights the importance of careful scientific observation. The formation of Karst landscapes is a remarkable process. Reblova, Gongromerizella lignicola (F., a fascinating form of life. Gongromerizella pachytrachela (W.), a species belonging to the Mangenot Reblova group, merits attention. bloodstream infection Reblova's taxonomic reclassification includes Gams & Hol.-Jech's G. pini, which is now known as Crous & Akulov's G. pini. Reblova also introduced a new name, Chloridium pellucidum, replacing the previous designation. Furthermore, Epitypifications of basionyms are detailed, citing Chaetopsis fusca Corda and Gonytrichum caesium var. W. Gams and Hol.-Jech. identified a variety called subglobosum. Gonytrichum caesium, described by Nees and T. Nees, undergoes lectotypification (basionym). A 2022 study was authored by Reblova M, Hernandez-Restrepo M, Sklenar F, Nekvindova J, Reblova K, and Kolarik M. The new Chloridium classification segregates 37 species into eight sections, while also bringing back the genera Gongromeriza and Psilobotrys. Within Studies in Mycology 103, the pages 87-212 are dedicated to research. The study, referenced by doi 103114/sim.2022103.04, demonstrates the significance of the findings.
Fungi, incredibly diverse in their forms, remain largely unexplored, particularly within the subalpine and alpine environments. Throughout terrestrial ecosystems, including the extreme conditions of subalpine and alpine regions, the cultivable soil fungal family Mortierellaceae boasts remarkable abundance, species diversity, and widespread distribution. Current molecular techniques have recently clarified the phylogeny of Mortierellaceae, revealing that the paraphyletic genus Mortierella sensu lato (s.l.) is comprised of 13 monophyletic genera. 139 different Mortierellaceae pure culture isolates, a result of our extensive sampling program in the Austrian Alps, represent 13 newly described species. For determining taxa, our methodology integrated both classical morphological evaluation and contemporary DNA-based techniques. Phylogenetic resolution was achieved using the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA ITS), the large subunit (LSU), and the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest subunit 1 (RPB1) as a basis. A new genus and 13 novel species from the genera Entomortierella, Linnemannia, Mortierella, and Podila were proposed and described in this investigation. We additionally presented eight new combinations, revised the species designation of E. jenkinii, designated a neotype for M. alpina, and created lectotypes and epitypes for M. fatshederae, M. jenkinii, and M. longigemmata. For the purpose of fungal taxonomic identification, the rDNA ITS region is a commonly employed genetic marker. Despite the determination of phylogenetic resolution, it is often inadequate to enable accurate identification of closely related Mortierellaceae species, particularly when the sampling is limited. These cases allow for the unambiguous identification of pure culture isolates based on their morphological traits. For that reason, we also offer dichotomous keys for differentiating species, based on their evolutionary relationships. Further taxonomic novelties are presented by Telagathoti, Probst & Peintner, encompassing the novel genus Tyroliella and new species of Entomortierella, Linnemannia, Mortierella, and Podila. Gams and Grinb. are mentioned. Entomortierella jenkinii (A.L.), Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner. Sm. Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner; Entomortierella sugadairana (Y. Takash. The work by Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner, et al., features Linnemannia zonata (Linnem.) as a subject of investigation. In the work of W. Gams, Linnemannia fluviae, classified by Hyang B. Lee et al., along with Linnemannia biramosa, categorized by Tiegh., are both part of the broader classification scheme of Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner. Telagathoti, M. Probst, and Peintner describe Linnemannia cogitans (Degawa). Epitypifications (basionyms) of Mortierella bainieri var., as outlined by Gams & Carreiro, are the central focus of Telagathoti, M. Probst & Peintner's detailed study. In a diverse collection of organisms, the examples of jenkinii A.L. Sm., Mortierella fatshederae Linnem., and Mortierella longigemmata Linnem. demonstrate variation. Neotypification is the updated name for the previously recognized basionym, Mortierella alpina Peyronel. A notable 2022 publication by Telagathoti A, Probst M, Mandolini E, and Peintner U is worthy of citation. Subalpine and alpine habitats yield new species within the Mortierellaceae family, including Entomortierella, Linnemannia, Mortierella, Podila, and the newly described genus Tyroliella. The output of this JSON schema is a list of sentences. Mycology Studies 103, encompassing pages 25 through 58, detail important research. The research article, explicitly cited by doi 103114/sim.2022103.02, presents its findings in a systematic manner.
In a recently published scheme for classifying Leotiomycetes, the family Hyphodiscaceae was created; however, this investigation was marred by inaccurate phylogenetic analyses and a deficient knowledge of these fungi. This was evident in an undescribed familial account, a mistaken familial boundary, and the reclassification of the type species of a contained genus into a new species in a different genus. This research corrects these mistakes by incorporating new molecular data from this taxon group into phylogenetic analyses, and by investigating the morphological characteristics of the included taxa.